Before invention of FILM and television, there was not any way for people, except listening to oral narratives of history or studying the written texts to understand history. But FILM and television brought new achievments for people: watching moving pictures as (live representation of history).Finally, after second World War, a group of historians recognized the documentary FILM footages for their investigations, explanations and interpretations of historical facts. The post-modernist historians recognized COMPILATION documentary FILMs as a new method for «visual historiography» while the tradition of COMPILATION documentary FILM production had begun in the last years of silent FILMs era and the international council of archives (ICA) had recognized the documentary FILM footage as an authentic document for historical researches in Moscow congress in 1972. But what is the definition of COMPILATION FILM? FILM assembled in the editing room, from pre-existing/archival FILM footages. Most COMPILATION FILMs are classified as documentaries since they drive their material form nonfiction sources. The main source for the COMPILATION FILM has newsreel which by 1910 was being issued regulary in several European countries and in the United. States of America. This article through introducing and categorizing all types of COMPILATION (documentary) FILMs by using library and documental researches methods, also explains the history, methods of production and structural characteristics of this type of documentary.Besides, the article introduces and analyzes a group of Iranian and Western TV productions in all sub-genres of COMPILATION documentary FILM, and finally comes to these conclusions:There are two basic methods in documentary FILM making for «visual historiography»:1.Recreation/reconstruction of history by re-enactment method (historical docudrama)2. Direct representation of visual documents by using documentary photographs and archival FILM footages. In condition of establishing a rich, well organized and modern FILM archive, as supporter and source of material for COMPILATION FILM production, this type of documentary FILM making is one of the low cost productions for making historical FILMs, for representing periods, events and historical figures through the last and current century.

A “ COMPILATION” is a work formed by the collection and assembling of pre-existing materials or of data that are selected, coordinated or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship, such as periodical issue, anthology, encyclopedia, telephone directory, etc. Since the prerequisite for protection of copyright works is originality, this question arises whether these works are original and may also be copyrightable. The meaning of originality is not defined in the majority of national copyright legislations. Instead, the interpretation of what is to be original has been left mainly to the courts. Courts have different opinions regarding the definition of originality and its conditions. However, the Supreme Court of United States in the Feist case put an end to this division. This article attempts to study the notion of originality of COMPILATIONs works by analyzing the Feist case in order to answer whether COMPILATION works have any originality and if the answer is yes, what is its scope.

The present study attempts to develop a model for auditor independence, according to the grounded theory, in which auditors, owners, and supervisors can identify the identified factors, provide the necessary tools in order to improve the independence of auditors and the quality of audit and the quality of economic decisions. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were used by experts in the audit profession to collect data from the research. The results of the research show that the quality of human resources, the lack of influence of the client on the auditor, the lack of financial dependence on the client, the quality of the distribution of audits, the rotation of the audit firms, the quality of audit fees, the amount of competitive atmosphere in the audit profession, the observance of professional rules and supervision of the circumstances are the affecting factors on audit independence. Also, the interventionist conditions include the professional competence of the audit firms, the quality of the client's request for audit services, and the level of awareness of the stakeholders from the audit profession and the underlying conditions including legislative, executive and regulatory characteristics, economic characteristics and cultural characteristics in the community and the audit profession.

Background and Aim: Since safety, performance and outcome indicators can improve the quality of care, patient safety indicators are required to monitor and provide safety in care. The aim of this study was to compile a set of patient safety indicators for monitoring in patient safety dashboard.Materials and Methods: A set of patient safety indicators was collected by reviewing such indicators presented in Australia, England and OECD, ESQH, and AHRQ organizations. Then, the indicators were validated during Delphi process in two stages by the staff of patient safety and quality improvement unit of governmental hospitals and patient safety experts at Tehran University of Medical Sciences treatment deputy office. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 13 and descriptive statistics.Results: The present study was conducted on 62 patient safety indicators and eight main categories were classified as follows: safe hospital indicators, childbirth indicators, surgery-related indicators, mortality indicators, infection-control indicators, drug and prescription error indicators, falling indicator, and other special indicators.Conclusion: Considering the identification of patient safety indicators in different dimensions, measuring the importance of these indicators and using them in the form of dashboard software in health centers will have a significant role in improving patient safety and the quality of health care.

Background: The study of cities resilience against earthquakes is one of the requirements for planning to reduce damages, fatalities, and financial losses due to earthquakes. Resilience has many definitions and there is no a comprehensive model for calculating; Therefore, this paper aims to provide a quantitative indicator for resilience. Method: First, effective indicators and dimensions in resilience of cities against earthquake were extracted by using library studies and obtaining experts opinions. Then, the weight of each dimension and indicator was determined based on expert judgment and paired comparison method and finally, the resilience index was introduced. Findings: In this paper, while introducing a summary of disaster definitions and resilience, the dimensions and indices obtained from previous studies and expert opinions were introduced. These dimensions and indicators represent the factors influencing urban resilience against earthquakes. Accordingly, the urban fabric dimension, which represents the city structure, plays a major role in the resilience of the city against earthquakes, after which the security dimension is the most important factor in resilience of the city. Regarding the indexes, in the physical dimension, the "building height / passage width ratio" index has the most impact on the resilience of the earthquake against the earthquake in experts’ opinions. The number of building floors has little impact and does not matter much about vulnerability in case of using proper structure, sufficient space, and easy access to the passages. Conclusion: The results show that the introduced index for different cities, as well as various strategies for retrofitting and increasing resilience can be calculated and make it possible to choose an optimal strategy for increasing resilience. It is also possible for planners and decision makers to observe the effects of different sections on the resilience of the city or region under study.

Introduction: Education should help people to be successful, but when the educational system cannot do this effectively, such a system needs revision and reform. The traditional operation model, which used in many schools, cannot respond to needs such as creativity and flexibility, which are necessary for knowledge-oriented societies. In order to this problem, the use of decentralized and collaborative models needed and Professional learning communities approach is one of these models. In this new approach, Teachers, regional leaders, national institutions, scholars, and schools were focusing on reform efforts, and a network of schools is working together. However, as any reform, these changes deal with different barriers and challenges, and need some backgrounds and presuppositions. The aim of this study is the use of lean thinking principles to identify and eliminate the barriers and necessities, which are important in transformation of Iranian educational system to a professional learning community. Therefore, this research tries to answer the following questions: Who is the customer in professional learning communities? In addition, how do they define customer value? What strategies in professional learning communities are valuable? What challenges in educational system interfere with the formation of professional learning communities? What factors contribute the formation and function of professional learning communities? What are the consequences of using lean thinking principals in establishment of professional learning communities? How do these factors and their relations lead to formation of the lean professional learning communities’ model? Research Methods: This is an applied research in terms of purpose and a qualitative research in terms of data collection. So, the qualitative method and purposeful sampling in a systematic way of Grounded theory have been used to identify the main factors are necessary for change. The steps to do this study can categorize in three stages of preparatory studies, main studies, and supplementary actions. In according to these stages, after conducting preliminary studies and identifying the problem, considering the qualitative nature of the research and the principals of theoretical sampling, the purposeful sampling method used to collect required data. Data collection from three resources: semi-structured interview with 13 experts of educational administration and teachers; 10 observations of educational districts in Tehran province (According to their geographic distributions); and content analysis of 45 documents from 1997 to 2017, were continued through theoretical saturation, then the collected data were coded by MAXQDA 12. The data needed to identify the barriers for the formation of professional learning communities and some factors, which are necessary to form this educational reform, and the constituent elements of each of them, has gathered. Then the relationships between them identified and the result of different levels of data coding by researchers and MAXQDA 12 data analysis, has checked out. After data saturation, 1370 codes found in first step, classified in 239 concepts, 19 categories and 5 elements. Findings: According to data analysis, education based on learners, teachers’ and stockholders’ needs is the main factor in shaping the lean professional learning community. Facilitators (culture, leadership, structure and climate) influence lPLCs processes such as collaboration, sharing, and continuous quality, and interfering factors (systematic weaknesses and professional differentiations). The intensity and weakness of these factors can cause changes in the expected outcomes of these communities. Professional conditions of teachers include concepts such as professional attitude, burnout, professional isolation, professional competition, and professional behavior. System weaknesses divided neglecting the needs of employees, the weakness of the motivation system, the weakness of professional development plans, stress, pressure and job difficulties, and centralized decision-making system. The change of traditional and bureaucratic educational system into the collaborative one that requires the activity and dynamism of all involved educational parties can face serious barriers and challenges that have a detrimental effect on the effectiveness of educational processes. According to the research findings, the challenges of formation professional learning communities divided into systematic weaknesses and teachers’ professional conditions. Among the factors that cause systematic weaknesses, the inefficiencies of the internal and external motivational factors, and stress, tension and job difficulties because of inadequate working environment, are most important. Unfortunately, a centralized structure that leads to top-down decision making without regarding to participating others, has resulted in the ineffective use of existing intellectual capacities, which results in a lack of attention of professional concerns. The factors caused by the professional conditions of employees, which are often created and reinforced by system’ s inadequate functions over the time, are strongly influenced all the processes that affect the success of professional learning communities. Regardless of professional concerns of teachers, such as the mismatch of the time and educational content, the lack of proper planning, students’ unwillingness and some other similar issues, can cause teacher’ s burnout, job dissatisfaction, professional confusion and negative attitude about the job. The weakness of professional development programs in providing the professional learning needs of teachers is due to the lack of awareness of the planners of these courses in relation to the differences in the learning needs and learning styles of individuals. Different personal and professional characteristics and abilities, the position of teachers in their professional path, the behaviors that appear in the workplace and in the interaction with others, and their professional ethics, if it is not explored and encouraged by an accurate evaluation system-due to the weakness of the motivational system-leads to dissatisfaction and job burnout and weakens the spirit of participation and effort to progress in their existence. In addition to professional factors, which imply a significant part of the research findings of this group, system weakness can disrupt and reduce the performance of other parts of the system. If education is a system in which students are one of its components, educational inadequacy, inefficiency of educational content, inadequate educational environment and ineffective educational processes, make negative attitudes of students and their parents of education as a whole. If the components of the system do not feel responsible for its efficiency in achieving the goals and do not take steps to improve processes and achieve goals, then that system is doomed to fail.